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Hymenoptera Ant gif


Wasps, bees, ants, and sawflies

Classification of Extant Hymenoptera (based on Naumann 1991)

The generally used classification of Hymenoptera does not yet reflect our knowledge of the phylogeny of the order. Traditionally, two suborders are recognized: Symphyta (paraphyletic or perhaps even polyphyletic) and Apocrita. Within the Apocrita the Aculeata form a monophyletic group. In the older literature and even today for convenience, the remaining superfamilies may grouped together as the Terebrantes or Parasitica. The classification below was proposed by Rasnitsyn (1988). A more traditional scheme may be viewed here. 

Order Vespida
   Suborder Siricina
      Infraorder Xyelomorpha
         Superfamily Xyeloidea
            Family Xyelidae
      Infraorder Tenthredinomorpha
         Superfamily Tenthredinoidea
            Family Xyelotomidae[Extinct]
            Family Blasticotomidae
            Family Electrotomidae[Extinct]
            Family Argidae
            Family Pterygophoridae
            Family Tenthredinidae
            Family Cimbicidae
      Infraorder Siricomorpha
         Superfamily Pamphiloidea
            Family Xyelydidae[Extinct]
            Family Pamphiliidae
            Family Praesiricidae[Extinct]
            Family Megalodontidae
         Superfamily Cephoidea
            Family Sepulcidae[Extinct]
            Family Cephidae
         Superfamily Siricoidea
            Family Gigasiricidae[Extinct]
            Family Anaxyelidae
            Family Siricidae
            Family Xiphydriidae
   Suborder Vespina
      Infraorder Orussomorpha
         Superfamily Orussoidea
            Family Paroryssidae[Extinct]
            Family Orussidae
      Infraorder Ephialtitomorpha[Extinct]
         Superfamily Ephialtitoidea
            Family Karatavitidae[Extinct]
            Family Ephialtitidae[Extinct]
      Infraorder Evaniomorpha
         Superfamily Stephanoidea
            Family Megalyridae
            Family Stephanidae
            Family Trigonalidae
            Family Maimetshidae[Extinct]
            Family Stigmaphronidae[Extinct]
            Family Megaspilidae
            Family Ceraphronidae
         Superfamily Evanioidea
            Family Praeaulacidae[Extinct]
            Family Gasteruptiidae
            Family Cretevaniidae[Extinct]
            Family Evaniidae
      Infraorder Proctotrupomorpha
         Superfamily Proctotrupoidea
            Family Mesoserphidae[Extinct]
            Family Pelecinidae
            Family Proctotrupidae
            Family Heloridae
            Family Roproniidae
            Family Renyxidae
            Family Austroniidae
            Family Monomachidae
            Family Diapriidae
            Family Jurapriidae[Extinct]
            Family Scelionidae
            Family Platygastridae
            Family Serphitidae[Extinct]
            (possibly Family Mymarommatidae)
         Superfamily Cynipoidea
            Family Archaeocynipidae[Extinct]
            Family Figitidae
            Family Cynipidae
            Family Ibaliidae
         Superfamily Chalcidoidea
            Family Mymaridae
            (possibly Family Mymarommatidae)
	    etc.
      Infraorder Ichneumonomorpha
         Superfamily Ichneumonoidea
            Family Praeichneumonidae[Extinct]
            Family Ichneumonidae
            Family Braconidae
      Infraorder Vespomorpha
         Superfamily Bethylonymoidea[Extinct]
            Family Bethylonymidae[Extinct]
         Superfamily Chrysidoidea
            Family Plumariidae
            Family Scolebythidae
            Family Dryinidae
            Family Sclerogibbidae
            Family Embolemidae
            Family Bethylidae
            Family Chrysididae
         Superfamily Sphecoidea
            Family ?Baissodidae[Extinct]
            Family Sphecidae
            Family Apidae
         Superfamily Pompiloidea
            Family Pompilidae
            Family Rhopalosomatidae
         Superfamily Scolioidea
            Family Sapygidae
            Family Tiphiidae
            Family Mutillidae
            Family Scoliidae
            Family Bradynobaenidae
            Family Sierolomorphidae
            Family Falsiformicidae[Extinct]
         Superfamily Formicoidea
         Superfamily Vespoidea
top
Cladogram based on Rasnitsyn (1988). 
                           ,==Cimbicidae
                    ,======|
                    |      `==Tenthredinidae
                    |
                ,===|      ,==Argidae
                |   |   ,==|
                |   |   |  `==Pergidae
                |   `===|
             ,==|       |
             |  |       `=====Electrotomidae[Extinct]
         ,===|  |
         |   |  `=============Blasticotomidae
      ,==|   |
      |  |   `================Xyelotomidae[Extinct]
      |  |   
      |  `====================Xyelidae: Macroxyelinae
      |
 <<===|
      |      ,================Xyelidae: Xyelinae
      |      |
      |  ,===|   ,============Xyelydidae[Extinct]
      |  |   |   |
      |  |   `===|   ,========Pamphiliidae
      |  |       |   |
      |  |       `===|
      |  |           |   ,||||Praesiricidae[Extinct]
      |  |           `===|
      `==|               `====Megalodontidae
         |  
         |           ,========Sepulcidae[Extinct]
         |  ,========|
         |  |        `========Cephidae
         |  |
         `==|        ,========Anaxyelidae
            |  ,=====|
            |  |     `========Gigasiricidae[Extinct]
            `==|
               |  ,===========Siricidae
               |  |
               `==|  ,========Xiphydriidae
                  |  |
                  `==|     ,||Paroryssidae[Extinct]
                     |  ,==|
                     |  |  `==Orussidae
                     `==|
                        `=====Apocrita

Containing clade: Endopterygota top

Table of Contents

[Dot] Sources of Information on the Internet
[Dot] References

Sources of Information on the Internet

References

 
Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): a biosystematic 
          revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification 
          of species. C.A.B. International, Oxon. 
Brothers, D.J. 1975.  Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate 
          Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. 
          Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 50:483-648.
Carpenter, J. M. 1987. On the evolutionary genetics of social 
          wasps and the phylogeny of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera, 
          Vespidae). Insectes Sociaux 34(1): 58-64.
Crozier, R. H. 1975. Hymenoptera. Borntraeger, Berlin; Stuttgart. 
Danforth, B. D. 1989. The evolution of hymenopteran wings: The 
          importance of size. Journal Of Zoology 218(2): 247-276.
Fergusson, N. D. M. 1988. A comparative study of the structures 
          of phylogenetic importance of female genitalia of the 
          Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 13(1): 
          13-30.
Gauld, I. and Bolton, B. 1988. The Hymenoptera. British Museum 
          (Natural History); Oxford University Press, London; 
          Oxford; New York.
Gibson, G.A.P.  1985.  Some pro- and mesothoracic structures 
          important for phylogenetic analysis of Hymenoptera, 
          with a review of terms used for the structures.  Can. 
          Ent. 117:1395-1443.
Gibson, G.A.P. 1986. Evidence for the monophyly and relationships 
          of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera: 
          Terebrantes).  Can. Ent. 118:205-240.
Johnson, N. F. 1988. Midcoxal articulations and the phylogeny 
          of the order Hymenoptera. Annals Of The Entomological 
          Society Of America 81(6): 870-881.
Krombein, K. V. 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north 
          of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 
Leluk, J., J. Schmidt, et al. 1989. Comparative studies on the 
          protein composition of hymenopteran venom reservoirs. 
          Toxicon 27(1): 105-114.
Plant, J. D. and H. F. Paulus. 1987. Comparative morphology of 
          the postmentum of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) with 
          special remarks on the evolution of the lorum. Zeitschrift 
          Fuer Zoologische Systematik Und Evolutionsforschung 
          25(2): 81-103.
Quicke, D. L. J., M. G. Fitton, et al. 1992. Phylogenetic implications 
          of the structure and distribution of ovipositor valvilli 
          in the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Journal Of Natural History 
          26(3): 587-608.
Quicke, D. L. J., S. N. Ingram, et al. 1992. Sperm structure 
          and ultrastructure in the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoologica 
          Scripta 21(4): 381-402.
Rasnitsyn, A. P. 1988. An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous
          insects (Order Vespina). Oriental Insects 22: 115-145.
Saini, M. S. 1986. Comparative studies on the metapostnotal modifications 
          in suborder Symphyta and Hymenoptera Parasitica. Journal 
          Of Entomological Research 10(1): 85-90.
Schmidt, J. O., M. S. Blum, et al. 1986. Comparative enzymology 
          of venoms from stinging Hymenoptera. Toxicon 24(9): 
          907-922.
Schoenitzer, K. and G. Lawitzky. 1987. A phylogenetic study of 
          the antenna cleaner in Formicidae, Mutillidae, and 
          Tiphiidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Zoomorphology 107(5): 
          273-286.
Whitfield, J. B., N. F. Johnson, et al. 1989. Identity and phylogenetic 
          significance of the metapostnotum in nonaculeate Hymenoptera. 
          Annals Of The Entomological Society Of America 82(6): 
          663-673.
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